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Red-vented bulbul
The red-vented bulbul (''Pycnonotus cafer'') is a member of the bulbul family of passerines. It is resident breeder across the Indian subcontinent, including Sri Lanka extending east to Burma and parts of Tibet. It has been introduced in many other parts of the world and has established itself in the wild on several Pacific islands including Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and Hawaii. It has also established itself in parts of Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, the United States, Argentina and New Zealand.〔Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493〕 It is included in the list of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species.
==Taxonomy==
The red-vented bulbul was originally described by Linnaeus in 1766. Several populations of this widespread species have been named as subspecies (or races). The nominate race is found in southern India.〔 The type locality of Puducherry was designated by Erwin Stresemann. The race in the western part is ''intermedius'' and is found in Kashmir and Kohat down to the Salt Range and along the Himalayas to Kumaon. The race ''bengalensis'' is found in the Himalayas from Nepal east to Assam. South of these two forms are ''pallidus'' to the west south to Ahmednagar and ''saturatus'' along the east, south to the Godavari. There are no distinct boundaries to these racial forms and recent works do not recognize ''saturatus'' (designated by Whistler & Kinnear, 1932 for the northeastern Peninsular India) but accept the desert form ''humayuni'' (earlier named as ''pallidus'') from Sindh and northwestern India, northeast Indian ''stanfordii'' (=''stanfordi'' (Deignan, 1949)) and the Sri Lankan race ''haemorrhous'' (=''haemorrhousus'' (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)).〔 Race ''melanchimus'' is found in Southern Burma and northern Thailand.〔
Race ''chrysorrhoides'' is found in China. Two formerly designated races ''nigropileus'' in Southern Burma and ''burmanicus'' of Northern Burma are considered as hybrids.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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